Your cart is empty
Start Shopping
$98.00
This material is sold for laboratory research use only. Terms of sale apply. Not for human consumption, nor medical, veterinary, or household uses. Please familiarize yourself with our Terms & Conditions prior to ordering.
| Molecular Formula | C₁₅H₂₆N₆O₈ |
| CAS Number | 175175-23-2 |
| Molar Mass | 418.407 g/mol |
| Amino Acid Sequence | Glu-Asp-Arg |
| PubChem CID | 10273502 |
| Primary Research Area | Neuroprotection & Oxidative Stress Regulation of Gene Expression Neuroplasticity & Aging Cognitive Function in Animal Models Geroprotective / Aging-Related Studies |
| Research Summary | Description |
|---|---|
| Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes | Summary: Pinealon (Glu–Asp–Arg) is a synthetic tripeptide that reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 cells under receptor-dependent or independent oxidative stress. It also decreases necrotic cell death and modulates ERK 1/2 activation and cell-cycle progression. Implications: These results suggest that pinealon protects cells from oxidative damage while influencing intracellular signaling and proliferation. Because ROS suppression saturates at lower concentrations but cell-cycle effects persist at higher doses, pinealon may also interact with gene regulatory mechanisms, highlighting its utility as a tool for studying peptide-mediated cellular homeostasis. Citation: Khavinson, V., Ribakova, Y., Kulebiakin, K., Vladychenskaya, E., Kozina, L., Arutjunyan, A., & Boldyrev, A. (2011). Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes. Rejuvenation research, 14(5), 535-541. |
| Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia | Summary: In a rat model of prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia induced by maternal methionine supplementation, administration of pinealon (Glu–Asp–Arg) improved offspring cognitive performance. Treated offspring exhibited enhanced spatial learning and orientation, along with cerebellar neurons that were more resistant to oxidative stress, showing reduced ROS accumulation and necrotic cell death. Implications: These findings support the neuroprotective role of pinealon in vivo, indicating its potential to mitigate oxidative damage during neurodevelopment. This aligns with prior in vitro studies, highlighting its utility as a research peptide for studying mechanisms of neuronal resilience and cognitive function under stress conditions. Citation: Arutjunyan, A., Kozina, L., Stvolinskiy, S., Bulygina, Y., Mashkina, A., & Khavinson, V. (2012). Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine, 5(2), 179. |
| Effects of synthetic peptides on aging of patients with chronic polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome of the central nervous system in remission. | Summary: A study involving 32 participants (aged 41–83) with polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome in remission evaluated the geroprotective effects of the short synthetic tripeptides Pinealon and Vesugen. Both peptides showed significant anabolic effects, enhancing central nervous system function and other vital organ activity, which corresponded with a slowed rate of biological aging. Vesugen produced a more pronounced effect than Pinealon. No changes were observed in chromatin condensation, indicating nuclear genetic safety. Implications: The results suggest that Pinealon and Vesugen may serve as anabolic, neuroprotective geroprotectors capable of reducing biological aging in elderly patients with CNS-related disorders. Despite some prooxidant activity and decreased CD34+ hematopoietic cells, the peptides did not compromise nuclear DNA, supporting their potential therapeutic safety for long-term geroprotective applications. Further research is recommended to explore these mechanisms in detail. Citation: Meshchaninov, V. N., Tkachenko, E. L., Zharkov, S. V., & Gavrilov, I. V. (2015). Effect of synthetic peptides on aging of patients with chronic polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome of the central nervous system in remission. Advances in Gerontology= Uspekhi Gerontologii, 28(1), 62-67. |
| Pinealon and Cortexin influence on behavior and neurochemical processes in 18-month aged rats within hypoxia and hypothermia | Summary: In aged (18-month-old) rats, the effects of the peptides Cortexin and Pinealon were evaluated under acute hypobaric hypoxia and mild hypothermia. Both peptides influenced behavioral outcomes and neurochemical indices, including increased brain levels of adrenergic mediators under hypoxia and serotonin in the cerebral cortex under hypothermia. Cortexin exhibited stronger effects on free radical processes and caspase‑3 activity than Pinealon. Implications: These findings suggest that Pinealon and Cortexin can modulate stress-related neurochemical pathways and support neural resilience in aged animals. The observed accumulation of catecholamines and serotonin may contribute to geroprotective and neuroprotective effects, highlighting the potential of these peptides for mitigating age-related vulnerability to environmental stressors. Citation: Mendzheritsky, A. M., Karantysh, G. V., Ryzhak, G. A., & Prokofiev, V. N. (2015). Pinealon and Cortexin influence on behavior and neurochemical processes in 18-month aged rats within hypoxia and hypothermia. Advances in Gerontology= Uspekhi Gerontologii, 28(3), 532-539. |
| Peptide Research_vSteph Peptide Research_vSteph 100% 10 B24 Investigation of antihypoxic properties of short peptides Investigation of antihypoxic properties of short peptides Turn on screen reader support To enable screen reader support, press Ctrl+Alt+Z To learn about keyboard shortcuts, press Ctrl+slash | Summary: Short regulatory peptides, including Pinealon (Glu–Asp–Arg), Vilon, Epitalon, and Vesugen, exhibit antihypoxic activity in models of hypobaric hypoxia. Among them, Pinealon demonstrated the most pronounced effect, increasing neuronal resistance to hypoxic stress, particularly in prenatal hypoxia models. Its protective mechanism appears to rely less on direct ROS inhibition and more on activation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and potential mitigation of excitotoxic effects mediated by NMDA receptors. Implications: These findings highlight Pinealon’s role as a neuroprotective peptide capable of enhancing cellular defenses against hypoxic stress. By stimulating internal antioxidant systems and potentially limiting excitotoxicity, Pinealon may serve as a research tool for investigating mechanisms of neuronal resilience, particularly in developmental or hypoxia-related stress models. Citation: Kozina, L. S. (2008). Investigation of antihypoxic properties of short peptides. Advances in Gerontology= Uspekhi Gerontologii, 21(1), 61-67. |
| Regulatory peptides protect brain neurons from hypoxia in vivo | Summary: Short regulatory peptides—including Pinealon (Glu–Asp–Arg), Vilon, Epitalon, and Vesugen—were evaluated for their protective effects under hypobaric hypoxia in male Wistar rats. Daily intraperitoneal injections (10 µg/kg) for five days prior to hypoxia significantly increased resistance to oxygen deprivation, measured by extended time until respiratory arrest, posture recovery, and total restitution time. Among the peptides, Pinealon demonstrated the most efficient protection, producing the highest coefficient of restitution, although accompanied by a slightly higher mortality rate. Implications: These results indicate that Pinealon enhances physiological adaptation to acute hypoxic stress, likely by activating internal antioxidant defenses rather than acting as a strong direct antioxidant. Its efficacy in improving recovery and adaptation highlights its potential as a research tool for studying peptide-mediated neuroprotection and systemic stress resistance, particularly under conditions of oxygen deprivation. Citation: Kozina, L. S., Arutjunyan, A. V., Stvolinskii, S. L., Stepanova, M. S., Makletsova, M. G., & Khavinson, V. K. (2008, February). Regulatory peptides protect brain neurons from hypoxia in vivo. In Doklady Biological Sciences (Vol. 418, No. 1, p. 7). Springer Nature BV. |
Summary: Pinealon (Glu–Asp–Arg) is a synthetic tripeptide that reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 cells under receptor-dependent or independent oxidative stress. It also decreases necrotic cell death and modulates ERK 1/2 activation and cell-cycle progression.
Implications: These results suggest that pinealon protects cells from oxidative damage while influencing intracellular signaling and proliferation. Because ROS suppression saturates at lower concentrations but cell-cycle effects persist at higher doses, pinealon may also interact with gene regulatory mechanisms, highlighting its utility as a tool for studying peptide-mediated cellular homeostasis.
Citation: Khavinson, V., Ribakova, Y., Kulebiakin, K., Vladychenskaya, E., Kozina, L., Arutjunyan, A., & Boldyrev, A. (2011). Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes. Rejuvenation research, 14(5), 535-541.
Summary: In a rat model of prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia induced by maternal methionine supplementation, administration of pinealon (Glu–Asp–Arg) improved offspring cognitive performance. Treated offspring exhibited enhanced spatial learning and orientation, along with cerebellar neurons that were more resistant to oxidative stress, showing reduced ROS accumulation and necrotic cell death.
Implications: These findings support the neuroprotective role of pinealon in vivo, indicating its potential to mitigate oxidative damage during neurodevelopment. This aligns with prior in vitro studies, highlighting its utility as a research peptide for studying mechanisms of neuronal resilience and cognitive function under stress conditions.
Citation: Arutjunyan, A., Kozina, L., Stvolinskiy, S., Bulygina, Y., Mashkina, A., & Khavinson, V. (2012). Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine, 5(2), 179.
Summary: A study involving 32 participants (aged 41–83) with polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome in remission evaluated the geroprotective effects of the short synthetic tripeptides Pinealon and Vesugen. Both peptides showed significant anabolic effects, enhancing central nervous system function and other vital organ activity, which corresponded with a slowed rate of biological aging. Vesugen produced a more pronounced effect than Pinealon. No changes were observed in chromatin condensation, indicating nuclear genetic safety.
Implications: The results suggest that Pinealon and Vesugen may serve as anabolic, neuroprotective geroprotectors capable of reducing biological aging in elderly patients with CNS-related disorders. Despite some prooxidant activity and decreased CD34+ hematopoietic cells, the peptides did not compromise nuclear DNA, supporting their potential therapeutic safety for long-term geroprotective applications. Further research is recommended to explore these mechanisms in detail.
Citation: Meshchaninov, V. N., Tkachenko, E. L., Zharkov, S. V., & Gavrilov, I. V. (2015). Effect of synthetic peptides on aging of patients with chronic polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome of the central nervous system in remission. Advances in Gerontology= Uspekhi Gerontologii, 28(1), 62-67.
Summary: In aged (18-month-old) rats, the effects of the peptides Cortexin and Pinealon were evaluated under acute hypobaric hypoxia and mild hypothermia. Both peptides influenced behavioral outcomes and neurochemical indices, including increased brain levels of adrenergic mediators under hypoxia and serotonin in the cerebral cortex under hypothermia. Cortexin exhibited stronger effects on free radical processes and caspase‑3 activity than Pinealon.
Implications: These findings suggest that Pinealon and Cortexin can modulate stress-related neurochemical pathways and support neural resilience in aged animals. The observed accumulation of catecholamines and serotonin may contribute to geroprotective and neuroprotective effects, highlighting the potential of these peptides for mitigating age-related vulnerability to environmental stressors.
Citation: Mendzheritsky, A. M., Karantysh, G. V., Ryzhak, G. A., & Prokofiev, V. N. (2015). Pinealon and Cortexin influence on behavior and neurochemical processes in 18-month aged rats within hypoxia and hypothermia. Advances in Gerontology= Uspekhi Gerontologii, 28(3), 532-539.
Summary: Short regulatory peptides, including Pinealon (Glu–Asp–Arg), Vilon, Epitalon, and Vesugen, exhibit antihypoxic activity in models of hypobaric hypoxia. Among them, Pinealon demonstrated the most pronounced effect, increasing neuronal resistance to hypoxic stress, particularly in prenatal hypoxia models. Its protective mechanism appears to rely less on direct ROS inhibition and more on activation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and potential mitigation of excitotoxic effects mediated by NMDA receptors.
Implications: These findings highlight Pinealon’s role as a neuroprotective peptide capable of enhancing cellular defenses against hypoxic stress. By stimulating internal antioxidant systems and potentially limiting excitotoxicity, Pinealon may serve as a research tool for investigating mechanisms of neuronal resilience, particularly in developmental or hypoxia-related stress models.
Citation: Kozina, L. S. (2008). Investigation of antihypoxic properties of short peptides. Advances in Gerontology= Uspekhi Gerontologii, 21(1), 61-67.
Summary: Short regulatory peptides—including Pinealon (Glu–Asp–Arg), Vilon, Epitalon, and Vesugen—were evaluated for their protective effects under hypobaric hypoxia in male Wistar rats. Daily intraperitoneal injections (10 µg/kg) for five days prior to hypoxia significantly increased resistance to oxygen deprivation, measured by extended time until respiratory arrest, posture recovery, and total restitution time. Among the peptides, Pinealon demonstrated the most efficient protection, producing the highest coefficient of restitution, although accompanied by a slightly higher mortality rate.
Implications: These results indicate that Pinealon enhances physiological adaptation to acute hypoxic stress, likely by activating internal antioxidant defenses rather than acting as a strong direct antioxidant. Its efficacy in improving recovery and adaptation highlights its potential as a research tool for studying peptide-mediated neuroprotection and systemic stress resistance, particularly under conditions of oxygen deprivation.
Citation: Kozina, L. S., Arutjunyan, A. V., Stvolinskii, S. L., Stepanova, M. S., Makletsova, M. G., & Khavinson, V. K. (2008, February). Regulatory peptides protect brain neurons from hypoxia in vivo. In Doklady Biological Sciences (Vol. 418, No. 1, p. 7). Springer Nature BV.
Your cart is empty
Start Shopping